What’s in a name? Epistemic perspectives and Payments for Ecosystem Services policies in Nicaragua     

《Geoforum》2015

As Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) continues to gain attention as a policy tool for securing efficient and effective environmental governance, a rising tide of criticism warns of the potentially detrimental social–ecological consequences of nature commodification and ‘green neoliberalism’. These concerns are also expressed at international policy fora, where the market rhetoric has met with political resistance from countries belonging to the ‘Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America’ (ALBA). But despite this ideological opposition, some ALBA countries are increasingly integrating PES into their environmental policies. In this article we consider the reasons underlying this apparent contradiction and relate it to the notion of ‘epistemic circulation’. On the basis of a study on the evolution of PES-thinking in Nicaragua (an ALBA member) and a reassessment of the supposed ‘success’ of an influential pilot project, we shed light on the forces driving the adoption of particular PES modes and contextualise practical difficulties to endorsing more critical approaches to the tool. Instead of either ideologically rejecting PES as a neoliberal evil or embracing it uncritically as the new panacea, we argue that it is precisely through the socio-political processes surrounding environmental governance debates that the application of PES is shaped. In practice, it may either contribute to an imposed and dispossessing form of capitalism, or tend towards a more negotiated and socio-culturally embedded version of it. Only through its reconceptualisation based on political–cultural primacy rather than market-fetishism can PES achieve its true potential within a broader strategy towards improved environmental governance.  相似文献   

伊犁河谷汛期一场短时强降水雨滴谱特征分析     

江新安  王敏仲 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2015,9(5):56-61

利用常规地面、高空资料、新一代天气雷达资料、雨滴谱资料,对2012年8月3日发生在伊犁河谷的一次较大范围暴雨的天气背景、雷达回波特征和降雨微物理特征等进行深入分析。结果表明,200hPa西西伯利亚西风槽、500hPa中亚低涡和地面冷锋是这次强降雨过程的主要影响系统。河谷喇叭口地形对气流的机械挤压、东高西低地形对对流的触发、地形强迫抬升对对流和降水的增强具有重要影响。这场降水过程属于积层混合云降水,其中大面积的层状云中嵌有多个对流云团,这些云团连接在一起就构成了对流性雨带,通过对暴雨雨滴谱演变分析得出,这次暴雨主要降水由对流性云团造成,对流云团微物理结构存在明显的不均匀性,其中存在多个强降水中心,其水平尺度多维持在10km左右,持续时间维持在5分钟到10分钟之内,降水集中且雨滴数浓度较高,一般在1000m-1个以上,雨滴谱宽及分布差异很大,小于1mm粒子数浓度很高,对雨强的贡献占两成以上。  相似文献   

哈密高温气候特征及其环流形势分型     

苗运玲 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2015,9(2):38-43

本文利用1961～2014年哈密国家基准气象观测站5～9月逐日最高气温、极端最高气温和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,统计分析哈密市高温天气的气候特征及其环流特征。结果表明：（1）哈密市高温天气具有明显的时间变化特点,1961～1993年是偏少期,1994年以后明显偏多,而近14a是呈直线上升的趋势,这与全球气候变暖趋势一致。（2）哈密市近54a年平均高温日数是35d,主要集中在6～8月,7月最多。（3）高温日数具有明显的年际变化,最多为2002年出现60d,最少为1993年仅出现了11d。（4）新疆脊、伊朗副热带高压与西太平洋副热带高压的强弱和位置与高温天气有很好的对应关系;哈密出现持续性高温天气过程在500hPa高度场主要表现为三类环流类型:西太副高西伸发展型、伊朗副高东伸发展型、西太副高西伸发展与伊朗副高东伸发展共同作用型。  相似文献   

2015年4月大气环流和天气分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

周康辉  方翀 《气象》2015,41(7):915-920

2015年4月环流特征如下：极涡为偶极型环流,极涡主体位于格陵兰西侧与加拿大之间,另一中心位于亚洲的东北部;两个极涡中心较常年平均偏低4~8 dagpm,乌拉尔山高压脊偏高8~12 dagpm;副热带高压面积偏大、西脊点偏西,南支槽位置与强度接近常年平均;4月全国平均气温11.6℃,较常年同期（11℃）偏高0.6℃;全国平均降水量43 mm,接近常年同期（44.7 mm）,我国中东部长江以北地区降水偏多,江南、华南降水偏少。4月全国强对流天气过程频发,1—4、19—20和28—29日出现了范围较大的强对流天气。北方地区出现2次沙尘天气。  相似文献   

偏东气流诱发川西高原东侧两次对流暴雨过程的对比分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

徐明  赵玉春  高琦  王晓芳 《气象》2015,41(12):1477-1487

利用区域自动站加密观测资料、NCEP/CFSR 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料以及0.01°×0.01°全球地形资料等,对2013年夏季发生在川西高原东侧两次对流暴雨天气过程中偏东气流的作用和特征进行了对比分析,重点研究两次过程中中低层偏东气流的活动特征、风场的垂直结构和温湿特征及其在对流暴雨中的作用等。结果表明：（1）7月3日过程高原东侧偏东风活动在850 hPa以下,持续时间约20 h,风速平均为2 m·s-1;8月6日过程偏东风活动在700 hPa以下,持续时间也能达到20 h,风速约为4 m·s-1;两次过程均是在天气尺度的西风槽东移与地形的共同作用下,诱生了高原东侧对流层中低层偏东气流,偏东气流形成时间比对流降水发生时间早约12 h。（2）两次过程偏东气流具有高相当位温属性,在其上方存在干冷空气活动,形成了有利的对流不稳定层结。相比较而言,后一次过程偏东气流出现的高度和风速明显增强后,与偏西风形成了更大的低层垂直风切变,暖湿能量局地集中特征更为显著,对于水汽和能量持续输送能力更强,因而引发的对流降水强度明显更大。（3）前一次过程盆地内起伏波动的偏东风与辐合中心及气旋性涡度中心配置关系较差,只是当偏东风受强迫抬升后,在地形附近激发出对流,并使降水主要位于地形附近;后一次过程盆地内平直的偏东风与辐合中心及涡度中心配置关系较好,尺度相当,因此激发出的对流强度和范围有明显增大,强降水沿地形向盆地西部发展。  相似文献   

甘肃武威市一次局地大到暴雨天气成因分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵东旭  杨晓玲  周华  刘蓉 《干旱气象》2015,(1):149-155

利用常规天气图、FY-2D卫星云图、单站地面资料、NCEP再分析物理量场资料,对2013年8月6日发生在甘肃武威市对流性强降雨天气成因进行了诊断分析。结果表明:强降雨是在一定的大尺度环流背景下高低层天气系统共同作用下发生的,地面气象要素的剧烈变化是强对流天气能量的释放过程;湿度条件和水汽在本地辐合为大到暴雨提供了充沛的水汽;高层辐散、低层辐合以及强烈的上升气流是大到暴雨发生的动力条件;强烈的不稳定能量和不稳定层结是对流增强、雨强较大的必要条件;对流云团的发展和加强是降雨强度较大的直接原因。  相似文献   

A DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF AIR TEMPERATURE ANOMALY MODE OVER CHINA IN 2009/2010 WINTER BASED ON GENERALIZED EQUILIBRIUM FEEDBACK ASSESSMENT (GEFA) METHOD     

江志红  吴燕珠  刘征宇  温娜  赵灿 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2015,21(2):121-130

By using the observed monthly mean data over 160 stations of China and NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data, the generalized equilibrium feedback assessment(GEFA) method, combined with the methods of EOF analysis, correlation and composite analysis, is used to explore the influence of different SST modes on a wintertime air temperature pattern in which it is cold in the northeast and warm in the southwest in China. The results show that the 2009/2010 winter air temperature oscillation mode between the northern and southern part of China is closely related to the corresponding sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) and its associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. Exhibiting warming in Northeast China and cooling in Southwest China, the mode is significantly forced by the El Nio mode and the North Atlantic SSTA mode, which have three poles. Under the influence of SSTA modes, the surface northerly flow transported cold air to North and Northeast China, resulting in low temperatures in the regions. Meanwhile, the mid-latitude westerlies intensify and the polar cold air stays in high latitudes and cannot affect the Southwest China, resulting in the warming there.  相似文献   

COMPARISONS OF CIRCULATION ANOMALIES BETWEEN THE DAILY PRECIPITATION EXTREME AND NON-EXTREME EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER IN BOREAL SUMMER   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

韩洁  管兆勇  李明刚 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2015,21(2):131-142

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and in situ meteorological observations of daily precipitation in boreal summer from 1979 to 2008, the features of circulation anomalies have been investigated using the composite analysis for the extreme events and non-extreme events of regional mean daily rainfall(RMDR) occurring over the midand lower- Yangtze valley(MLYV). The extreme RMDR(ERMDR) events are the events at and above the percentile99 in the rearranged time-series of the RMDR with ascending order of rainfall amount. The non-extreme RMDR events are those at the percentiles 90-85 and 80-75 separately. Our results suggest that the threshold value is 25 mm/day for the ERMDR at percentile 99. Precipitation at all the percentiles is found to occur more frequently in the Meiyu rainfall season in MLYV, and the ERMDR events have occurred with higher frequency since the 1990 s. For the percentiles-associated events, the MLYV is under the control of an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the mid- and lower- troposphere with vastly different anomalous circulation at higher levels. However, at both low and high levels, the ERMDR events-related anomalous circulation is stronger compared to that linked to the non-ERMDR events. The dominant sources of water vapor differ between the ERMDR and non-ERMDR events. During the ERMDR events plentiful water vapor is transported from the Bay of Bengal into the MLYV directly by divergence while there is distinctly increased water vapor from the South China Sea(SCS) in non-RMERMDR episodes. The diabatic heating rates < Q1>, < Q2> and< Q1>- < Q2> have their anomalous patterns and are consistent with each other for these percentiles but their strength decreases markedly with the drop of rainfall intensity. For the precipitation at percentiles 99 and 90-85, the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in the Pacific distribute positively(negatively) in the south(north), and are stronger when the ERMDR emerges, with little or no SSTA as the events at percentile 80-75 occur. Besides, these results suggest that the genesis of the ERMDR event is directly related to intense local circulation anomalies and the circulation anomalies over the Pacific and SCS in tropical to mid-latitudes, and probably linked with the Pacific SSTA closely while the non-ERMDR events are mainly associated with the anomalous circulation on a local basis. The findings here help understand and predict the happening of ERMDR events over the MLYV.  相似文献   

THE LOW-PRESSURE SYSTEM IN THE VERTICAL VELOCITY OMEGA ON THE SCALE OF SYSTEM SENSITIVITY     

曲维政  范婷婷  杜凌 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2015,21(S1):66-72

In this study, the relationship between scale and vertical velocity in a low-pressure system is explored using the wave characteristics of atmospheric disturbances and the structural characteristics of low-pressure systems. The ω differential equation, as determined by the transient geopotential height field Φ, is solved to obtain an analytical solution composed only of wavelength, horizontal speed, and atmospheric stability, i.e., the ω diagnostic equation of a low-pressure system. This equation also shows that vertical velocity in the low-pressure system is very sensitive to the horizontal scale, i.e., a smaller horizontal scale means a larger vertical velocity.  相似文献   

中高纬度大气低频模态研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张曼  许小峰  闵锦忠  高庆九 《气象科学》2015,35(6):799-806

大气低频模态是导致中高纬地区季节及气候变化的主要因素,加强低频模态动力机制的认识对于提高短期气候预测水平具有十分重要的科研意义和应用价值。由于中高纬大气低频环流本身的复杂性,关于其动力机制的研究仍然是大气动力学中重点难点问题。本文简单回顾了激发维持低频模态的前两种机制,即:外源强迫、气流的纬向非均匀性对大气低频模态的影响。从观测事实和模式结果出发,着重介绍了瞬变波与基本气流相互作用激发维持低频模态的第三种机制,且详细阐述了线性假设条件下,瞬变波与基本气流相互作用的动力机制。本文最后针对瞬变波与基本气流相互作用研究中一些尚未解决的问题进行了讨论。  相似文献